Metaphor by Metaphor

In a small group, read and grade this APA-style example proposal. Use our criteria. Note any problems you see for our later discussion.

Emily Hanna

Rethinking Recycling: Why Reusing Needs to Be User Friendly

Many people hold on to the belief that recycling is unnecessary, and even among those who believe in reducing waste, some find recycling to be inconvenient. Facilities do not always exist to handle certain materials (such as packaging and batteries), and some towns require residents to go through elaborate sorting processes or transport their recycling to a central location, all of which can seem like extra tasks in a busy world. But recycling is becoming increasingly important. According to Zellar (2008), in an article for National Geographic entitled “Recycling: The Big Picture,” “Every shrink – wrapped toy or tool or medical device we buy bears the stamp of its energy – intensive history . . . . A product’s true cost includes greenhouse gases emitted in its creation as well as use, and pollutants that cause acid rain, smog, and fouled waterways” (para. 4). Essentially, recycling is necessary because of the amount of resources and energy required to produce new items from scratch. Furthermore, landfills have become too large to accommodate in some areas, and they emit unwanted gases that damage the environment (Kaufman, 2009). Because of the repercussions of wastefulness, recycling is essential. Thus, it should be universally available and streamlined for maximum benefits.

At Oregon State University, the administration, faculty, and students are used to seeing and using recycling containers to pitch water bottles, surplus paper from printers, and cardboard (Oregon State University, 2014). However, the administration does not systematically implement the recycling services on campus, creating misunderstanding about what can be recycled and where. The types of bins and services available vary by building and department, making it hard for those who live, work, and study on campus to make the most efficient recycling choices. For example, the residence halls have commingled recycling that accommodates some plastic, metal, cartons, and paper, whereas the library has different bins for paper or bottles and cans only. This difference means that, in some campus locations, most waste continues to be sent to landfills. In addition, many of the vendors and departments on campus continue to use products — such as waxed paper cups, coffee – cup lids, and plastic utensils — that cannot be recycled on campus. To solve these problems, Oregon State University should implement a reorganized system that includes matching bins across campus to accommodate a wider range of items and the systematic replacement of everyday items that cannot be recycled with ecofriendly or recyclable options.

Streamlined bins will allow staff, students, and faculty to learn about one recycling system and to use it regularly. If the recycling system in the library matches the system in the Memorial Union, those on campus will be less likely to toss things into the trash because they are not sure if it is recyclable. The University of Maryland (2010) has worked hard, and had success, with such measures on their campus. The school’s website states that one of the university’s goals was to make steps toward a “zero waste” initiative. Specifically, “These improvements include installing more recycling and compost collection bins, implementing education and outreach activities, and eliminating the distribution of condiment packets and instead creating condiment stations near food courts” (University of Maryland, 2010, para. 2). The university also made trash bins harder to access, allotting each faculty member a tiny desk bin that he or she then had to take t o a central location. Such initiatives combined with a sleek, well – run recycling system increases recycling participation on campus.

New — and more — bins will require Oregon State to invest in additional education on recycling for members of the community. That is, students, faculty, and staff will need to be taught what can go in each bin and why these measures are so important. Things tend to go awry if new systems are not accompanied by clear instructions. According to Kaufman (2009), such a which bans the use of polystyrene foam containers, said that some citizens had unwittingly put the plant -based alternatives into cans for recycling, where they had melted and had gummed up the works” (para. 26). Such problems can be avoided, she added, when education is part of the initiative.

A similar mishap occurred in Santa Monica, California when residents mistook compostable cutlery for plastic and put them into the recycling bins. She wrote, “Josephine Miller, an environmental official for the city of Santa Monica, Calif., The new system and education initiatives should be combined with a movement away from products that are the hardest to dispose of ethically and with concern for the environment. This not only limits waste, but also off sets some of the initial costs of the new endeavors. For example, the University of Maryland began using compostable takeout containers that cost a bit more than the old products (University of Maryland, 2010). However, they combined the use of these new products with an emphasis on using reusable plates, cups, and silverware. As a result, the food services produced less waste, needed fewer takeout containers, and spent less money. Zellar confirmed that one of the best ways to lessen the amount of waste being produced is to move away from heavily packaged items that contain unrecyclable elements.

Critics of recycling initiatives often cite wasted energy during collection, high costs, and poor user – friendliness as reasons that recycling does not work. Zellar (2008) made note of some opponents who felt the environmental impact of collecting recyclable waste offsets the benefits of recycling. However, Zellar demonstrated that creating brand new products actually uses significantly more energy than an efficiently run, frequently used recycling system. If members of the Oregon State University community are encouraged to use a simplified (but still comprehensive) system, the environmental impact is much smaller. Similarly, the costs of such a program are mitigated by using fewer disposable items and by a decreased need to haul trash to landfills. Zellar also noted that “some municipalities . . . are starting to demand that businesses help cover the costs of recycling” (para. 14), certain materials that are expensive or difficult to recycle. This approach has the benefit of lowering recycling costs for consumers, along with the bonus of discouraging companies from creating and distributing products that are bad for the environment. Oregon State could, then, ask the city of Corvallis to consider such a measure.

According to sources cited by Kaufman (2009), large institutions have the most potential for affecting change in how waste and recycling are handled because they produce more waste and, thus, have the ability to change demand for certain products and services. She continued, “[C]ustomers will have to be taught to think about the destination of every throwaway if the zero – waste philosophy is to prevail, environmental officials say” (para. 27). As home base to thousands of employees and students, Oregon State University has the privilege of being an institution that can make a positive impact through education about and implementation of a comprehensive, user – friendly recycling system. If you see the need for this change to occur, contact your administrative officials in Business Affairs and tell them you want to see improved recycling efforts on your campus!

Works Cited

Kaufman, L. (2009, Oct. 19). Nudging recycling from less waste to none. The New York Times . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/

Oregon State University. (2014). Recycling FAQ. Retrieved from http://fa.oregonstate.edu/recycling/about – us/recycling – faq

University of Maryland. (2010). Recycling, composting, and waste reduction. Retrieved from http://www.sustainability.umd.edu/content/campus/recycling.php#SingleStream

Zellar, Jr., T. (2008). Recycling: The big picture. National Geographic . Retrieved from http://ngm.natio nalgeographic.com/

Quotation: According to linguist Fredrick Jones, “This is a prodigious locality for morphemes; not elsewhere” (128).

Paraphrase: To paraphrase linguist Fredrick Jones, rather than some other spot words ought to be placed here (128).

Summary: To summarize linguist Fredrick Jones, insert words here (128).

First, mid-process, and as accepted for publication drafts are separated by asterisks.

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Pallets

Pallets, you know, the wood frames used to move stacks of goods around warehouses, into and out of the backs of trucks. They are very low. You could build one by setting three three-foot two by fours on their narrow sides. Underneath them nail three-foot slats at right angles to the two by fours, at each end to end, and across the middle. Lots of slats with space between them. On top of the two by fours nail more slats six or seven, each a few inches from its neighbor. These pallets on the museum floor look to be made of marble. White and black.

I remember trying to learn how to use a pallet jack. They have long levers and three wheels, one at the base of the lever and the other two at the ends of long flat forks. The lever stands up so you can push or pull the pallet riding on the jack. Roll the jack under the pallet, so the forks extend through it. You have to roll over the some of the slats to do this. Pull the lever and the hydraulics will push the wheels down lifting the pallet and whatever is on it enough so it can all be rolled into the dark corner of the warehouse. Once the pallet is in the corner, squeeze the lever on the lever and the wheels will retract, making the jack flat enough again it can be rolled out from under the pallet.

These pallets are made of marble, white and black.

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College Bookstore Shipping and Receiving: A Triptych

After Jesse Amado’s Me, We

I

After work we would take wooden pallets, carry them to my car. Some were broken beyond use, grey with oil, dirt, and travel. Others were new, prickly, with the faintest smells of pine and diesel. My elderly car was the color of champaign and we crammed them in the back, hauled one last time, for kindling up the canyon. Today all the campsites have metal signs, red letters on a white background: No Burning Pallets. Fires are permitted. Logs. Loosened bundles of newsprint. Not pallets.

II

The UPS driver would yell, “Stand aside! Working man coming through!” Little, wiry, a black mustache bigger than anything I could manage even today, he would charge through us, hand truck high with boxes. Before school started each year, he would pull pallet jacks and stacks taller than he was. I remember his sweat. Rarely, when we were the last delivery of his day, he would sit in the office and argue with my boss, his old friend, about unions and government and God and anything to keep having a conversation, to keep silence from between them. He’s retired, hair silver now, but his voice still empties the bladders of college boys.

III

You can race pallet jacks. One foot on a fork, pushing with the other, and steering with the tow bar. Carefully. They turn sharp enough to throw you. She taught me this, one of the women who worked there. I traded use of my car for rides to and from the airport at Thanksgiving and Christmas. House sat for her once. Tried to give her cat medicine each day that week. I bought her dinners and we watched Truly Madly Deeply once. Two me’s who never made it to we.

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College Bookstore Shipping and Receiving: A Couplet

After Jesse Amado’s Me, We, 1999, granite and marble

I.

The UPS driver would yell, “Stand aside! Working man coming through!” Small, wiry, a black mustache bigger than anything I could manage even today, he would charge through us, hand truck piled high with cartons, stacked so tall he would hold the dolly with one hand and stretch the other up to steady the top box. He filled empty aisles of the warehouse with piles of crates, shrink-wrapped and shiny white on pallets. Sweat would blacken his uniform, fanning out over his chest like a wise man’s beard. Rarely, when we were the last delivery of his day, he would sit in the office and argue with my boss, his old friend, about unions and government and God and anything to keep having a conversation, to keep silence from coming between them. He’s retired, black hair white now, but his voice still freezes college boys with fear.

II.

You can race pallet jacks. One foot on a fork, pushing with the other, and steering with the tow bar. Carefully. They turn sharp enough to throw you. She taught me this, one of the women there. After work, we would carry wooden pallets to my car. Some were broken beyond use, almost black with oil, dirt, and travel. Others were new, prickly, with the faintest smells of white pine and diesel. We crammed them in the back of my car, hauled them one last time, for kindling, up the canyon. I’d let her use my car over Thanksgiving and Christmas break if she’d drive me to and from the airport. House sat for her once. Tried to force-feed medicine to her sick black and white cat each day that week. Chased it under her bed. I bought her dinners and we watched Truly Madly Deeply once. Two mes who never made it to we.